3.1. Distributional Effects and Value-Added Asymmetries in the Electronics Supply Chain
The structural integration of multinational enterprises into the Vietnamese electronics manufacturing sector highlights a critical tension between foreign capital concentration and domestic supplier upgrading. Empirical assessments demonstrate that foreign direct investment generates positive backward technological spillovers within manufacturing supply linkages, facilitating valuable knowledge transfer from foreign assemblers to domestic component manufacturers ("Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam", 2008). However, this vertical transmission mechanism does not automatically resolve the persistent distributional asymmetries in value addition across industrial tiers. Domestic supporting industry enterprises frequently occupy lower-tier production segments characterized by limited technological sophistication, low capital intensity, and compressed economic margins. Without targeted structural intervention, the ongoing expansion of foreign direct investment risks entrenching a dualistic industrial regime where foreign multinational corporations capture core design, proprietary technology, and high-value assembly operations while domestic firms remain confined to basic labor-intensive fabrication. To transform potential backward linkages into sustained technological upgrading, domestic industrial strategy must prioritize firm-level absorptive capacity, human resource development, and coherent institutional policies ("Applying Consistency Fuzzy Preference Relations", 2021). Under the trade governance framework established by the EVFTA, stringent technical standards and intellectual property requirements further heighten the operational demands placed on local suppliers. The realization of equitable industrial outcomes therefore requires proactive public policies that coordinate foreign investment inflows with systematic capability building, thereby converting passive supplier interactions into durable technological upgrading, enhanced technical efficiency, and balanced domestic value capture.