2.2. Pedagogical Guidance and Self-Regulation Challenges among Novice Learners
The structural realignment of university funding around performance metrics reinforces institutional prioritization of standardized degree progression and rapid credit acquisition. Under national transformations aimed at harmonizing curriculum objectives and outcome competencies, institutions restructure instructional scaffolds to accelerate core content mastery [1]. However, this institutional acceleration assumes a baseline level of academic self-regulation and familiarization with higher education conventions that is not uniformly distributed across student cohorts. When instructional delivery shifts toward autonomous and flexible formats without extensive teacher guidance, students with prior support needs or limited family exposure to academia encounter substantial friction in managing independent study demands and self-efficacy evaluations [2]. Novice university entrants regularly face challenges in fundamental academic competencies, such as academic argumentation and autonomous position-taking, which are critical for timely course completion [5]. When funding allocations incentivize institutions to reward throughput speed rather than the provision of compensatory guidance, first-generation students bear the primary burden of navigating unguided academic environments. Consequently, output-driven steering risks transforming systemic administrative efficiency into localized retention barriers for non-traditional academic populations.