2.1 Photovoltaic Array Sizing and Battery Storage Configuration
Selecting a modular photovoltaic generation architecture coupled with battery energy storage establishes dispatchable power reserves tailored to the load profiles of non-interconnected zones. In remote off-grid communities, technical design criteria prioritize supply reliability, continuous system autonomy, and resilience against intermittent solar irradiance. As established in off-grid power system assessments, integrating modular photovoltaic arrays with dedicated battery storage mitigates the operational costs and fuel transport vulnerabilities associated with standalone diesel generation (López et al., 2019). Sizing criteria for this configuration focus on matching peak diurnal load curves while maintaining an adequate state-of-charge reserve to prevent deep-discharge degradation during consecutive overcast periods (Babatunde et al., 2020). Furthermore, deploying scalable, low-cost decentralized inverter topologies allows local systems to accommodate gradual demand growth without requiring immediate transmission infrastructure overhauls (Hossain et al., 2026). The practical application of this design involves implementing an automated dispatch strategy that routes daytime generation directly to essential community loads, channels surplus electricity into electrochemical storage, and manages nocturnal discharge rates to preserve battery lifespan. By adhering to these operational criteria, the microgrid architecture provides a reliable engineering baseline capable of sustaining continuous service in geographically isolated environments.